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Kazakhstan

44 min read

Kazakhstan

By far the largest country in Central Asia, Kazakhstan is a vast nation of snowy peaks and untouched wilderness that is developing quickly thanks to its huge oil reserves in the Caspian Sea. Although the capital was shifted north to Astana in 1998, Almaty remains the main hub of Kazakhstan and the region, a cosmopolitan city of tree-lined boulevards and parks.

Introduction
Orientation
Where to Go
When to Go
Things to Do
Getting There
Getting Around
Where to Stay
Health & Safety
Living There
History & Culture
FAQ & Resources

What is it?: Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked country in the world, known for its vast steppes, dramatic mountains, and unique blend of Russian and Central Asian cultures. It offers travelers a mix of natural beauty, modern cities, and rich history.

Affordability: Kazakhstan is quite affordable, with low costs for food, accommodation, and transportation. Major cities like Almaty and Nur-Sultan can be more expensive, but the country remains a good value compared to other parts of Central Asia and Europe.

Safety: Kazakhstan is generally safe for tourists, with low crime rates. However, it’s always advisable to stay vigilant in crowded places like Almaty and Nur-Sultan to avoid petty theft. The country has a peaceful atmosphere, with friendly locals welcoming tourists.

Popularity: Kazakhstan is still an emerging destination in Central Asia, attracting travelers interested in history, culture, and nature. Almaty and Nur-Sultan are the most visited cities, with natural attractions like the Charyn Canyon and Medeu drawing increasing numbers of outdoor enthusiasts.

Tourist Infrastructure: Good, particularly in major cities like Almaty and Nur-Sultan, which offer modern accommodations, restaurants, and transportation options. Infrastructure is developing in rural areas, but the country remains accessible for travelers.

Weather: Continental climate, with hot summers (June–August) and cold winters (December–February). The best time to visit is in spring (April–June) and autumn (September–October) when the weather is mild and perfect for sightseeing and outdoor activities.

Best Time to Go: April–October for the best weather, especially for exploring cities like Almaty and Nur-Sultan, hiking in the Tian Shan Mountains, and visiting natural wonders like Charyn Canyon. Winter is great for skiing in resorts like Shymbulak.

Known For: Almaty, Nur-Sultan (formerly Astana), vast steppes, Charyn Canyon, Medeu ice rink, the Tian Shan Mountains, nomadic culture, and Soviet-era architecture.

Top Destinations: Almaty • Nur-Sultan • Charyn Canyon • Shymbulak • Medeu • Tian Shan Mountains • Kolsai Lakes

  • Nature Buffs: Kazakhstan offers incredible natural landscapes, including the Tian Shan Mountains, Charyn Canyon, Kolsai Lakes, and vast steppes, making it a prime destination for hiking, trekking, and outdoor adventures.

  • History Buffs: Kazakhstan’s rich history is reflected in sites like Almaty, Nur-Sultan, and ancient Silk Road towns, with remnants of Soviet architecture, traditional nomadic culture, and historical landmarks that tell the story of Central Asia’s past.

  • Beach Bunnies: Although Kazakhstan is landlocked, it offers lakes like Lake Balkhash and Kazakhstan’s Caspian Sea region, where visitors can enjoy swimming, sunbathing, and water sports, though it’s not known for traditional beach destinations.

  • Digital Nomads: Almaty and Nur-Sultan offer reliable internet, modern amenities, and affordable living, making them attractive options for digital nomads, though the digital nomad scene is still developing.

  • Families: Kazakhstan is a great destination for families, with outdoor activities like hiking, visiting Medeu ice rink, exploring cities like Almaty and Nur-Sultan, and experiencing Kazakhstan’s unique blend of modern and traditional culture.

Introduction

Kazakhstan is a vast country of open steppe, futuristic cities, and rugged mountains. Nur-Sultan (Astana), the capital, stands out with bold architecture and sweeping boulevards, while Almaty sits at the foot of the Tian Shan, offering cafes, museums, and mountain escapes. The Charyn Canyon and Lake Kaindy reveal natural wonders, and the steppe stretches endlessly across the heart of the country. Kazakh culture blends nomadic traditions with Soviet influence, seen in yurts, horse meat dishes, and warm hospitality.

Still very Russian despite its independence from the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 1990s, Kazakhstan is a nation that continues to search for its own identity, with plenty to offer travelers who are willing to deviate from Asia’s better-known tourist circuits.

Almaty remains the most developed and foreigner-friendly city in the country, with its numerous high-end hotels and restaurants catering to almost all tastes. Western food is readily available here and also in Astana, although the new capital has fewer choices. Central Asian favorites including shashlyk (meat skewers), laghman (noodles with meat) and plov (fried rice with meat and vegetables) are readily available in any town at very reasonable prices. Travelers should also be aware that hotels in the two main cities are not cheap and budget options remain scarce, particularly in Astana. In other towns, prices remain more reasonable and if you’re venturing into the wilderness, homestays and cottages are a good value option with a distinctly Kazakh feel.

Most visitors come to explore Almaty, the country’s former capital and cultural heart, with its tree-lined streets, Zenkov Cathedral, and access to the Tian Shan Mountains, perfect for hiking, skiing, and mountain escapes. Nur-Sultan (formerly Astana), the current capital, offers futuristic architecture like the Bayterek Tower, Khan Shatyr, and Palace of Peace and Reconciliation, giving visitors a glimpse into Kazakhstan’s ambitious modern identity. The country is also home to stark natural beauty, from the alien-like Charyn Canyon to the vast steppes and the otherworldly landscapes of Mangystau.

Kazakhstan is a moderately priced destination, with costs varying depending on the region. Accommodation ranges from budget hostels and guesthouses in smaller towns to luxury hotels in Almaty and Nur-Sultan. Traditional Kazakh cuisine is meat-heavy, with signature dishes like beshbarmak (boiled meat and noodles), kazy (horsemeat sausage), and plov (rice pilaf). Dairy products like kumis (fermented mare’s milk) are also part of the local diet. Dining out is generally affordable, especially in local eateries and bazaars, but international cuisine can be more expensive in big cities.

Getting around Kazakhstan can be challenging due to its size, but infrastructure is improving. Almaty and Nur-Sultan have reliable public transport systems, including buses and metro lines. Trains and domestic flights are essential for covering large distances between cities. Marshrutkas (shared minibuses) operate on shorter intercity routes, and taxis are widely available. Renting a car is an option, especially for exploring rural areas, though roads can be rough in remote regions. Russian and Kazakh are both widely spoken; English is less common, but it’s growing in urban centers. Kazakhstan is generally safe for tourists, though it’s helpful to learn basic phrases or travel with a translation app if you’re venturing off the beaten path.

  • Capital: Astana (formerly Nur-Sultan)
  • Population: ~19.6 million (Density: ~7 people per km², ~18 per mi²)
  • Area: 2,724,900 km² (1,052,100 mi²)
  • Official Language: Kazakh
  • Common Languages: Russian (widely spoken and used officially), English (growing in business and education)
  • Currency: Kazakhstani Tenge (KZT)
  • Time Zone: UTC+5 to UTC+6 (two time zones)
  • Electricity: Plug Type C, F (220V, 50Hz)
  • Emergency Contacts: Police 102, Ambulance 103, Fire 101
  • Drives On: Right
  • Religions: Islam ~70%, Christianity ~25% (Russian Orthodox), Other beliefs/None ~5%
  • Government: Unitary Presidential Republic
  • Map Links: Google Maps | Apple Maps
  • Coordinates (for GPS): 48.0196, 66.9237

Why Go to Kazakhstan?

  • Almaty & Mountain Adventures: Explore Almaty for its parks, markets, and Soviet architecture, then head to Big Almaty Lake or the Tian Shan Mountains for hiking and skiing.
  • Nur-Sultan’s Futuristic Architecture: Visit Nur-Sultan to see bold modern landmarks like the Bayterek Tower, Khan Shatyr, and the Palace of Peace and Reconciliation.
  • Charyn Canyon & Natural Wonders: Discover Charyn Canyon, a dramatic natural formation often compared to the Grand Canyon, perfect for hiking and photography.
  • Nomadic Culture & Steppe Life: Experience traditional Kazakh nomadic culture, from yurt stays to sampling kumis and attending eagle hunting demonstrations.
  • Mangystau & Desert Landscapes: Explore the surreal desert landscapes of Mangystau, including Boszhira Valley and underground mosques carved into cliffs.
  • Kazakh Cuisine & Hospitality: Try local dishes like beshbarmak, kazy, and shashlik, and enjoy the famous Kazakh hospitality, especially if you’re invited into a local home.
  • Baikonur Cosmodrome & Space History: Visit the Baikonur Cosmodrome, the world’s oldest spaceport, for a glimpse into the Soviet and modern-day space programs.

What’s Cool

Vast and diverse landscapes from steppe to mountains, futuristic architecture in Astana, Soviet-era charm in Almaty, welcoming and curious locals, delicious Kazakh cuisine like beshbarmak and plov, Silk Road history in cities like Turkistan, dramatic hiking and trekking in the Tian Shan mountains, surreal Charyn Canyon, affordable travel costs, traditional yurts and nomadic culture, impressive metro system in Almaty, horseback riding and eagle hunting experiences, unique Baikonur Cosmodrome, off-the-beaten-path exploration, beautiful alpine lakes like Lake Kaindy and Big Almaty Lake.

What’s Not

Long distances between major sights, harsh winters and hot summers, limited English spoken outside cities, confusing visa rules for some nationalities, bureaucratic red tape, outdated infrastructure in rural areas, slow and crowded trains, unreliable WiFi in remote regions, occasional police corruption, air pollution in cities like Almaty, lack of tourist signage in English, limited nightlife outside Almaty and Astana, cultural conservatism in rural areas, language barrier with Kazakh and Russian dominance.

Orientation

Kazakhstan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordered by Russia to the north, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest. It also borders the Caspian Sea to the west. It’s the ninth-largest country in the world by area, stretching from the eastern edges of Europe to the Altai Mountains near Mongolia. The capital is Astana (formerly Nur-Sultan), while Almaty remains the cultural and economic hub. Kazakhstan is known for its steppe landscapes, nomadic traditions, and Soviet-era cities.

Kazakhstan’s geography is dominated by vast steppe, desert, and semi-desert plains, particularly in the west and center. The Tien Shan and Altai mountain ranges rise in the east and southeast, offering alpine scenery and skiing. The Caspian Depression lies to the west, and the Aral Sea, once among the world’s largest lakes, is now mostly dry due to Soviet-era irrigation. The country also features salt pans, canyons, and inland plateaus. Kazakhstan has an extreme continental climate, with hot summers and very cold winters, especially across the steppe.

Tourism is relatively underdeveloped, but visitors come for its natural parks, Soviet relics, and unique cultural mix of Russian and Turkic traditions.

Most international visitors arrive at Almaty International Airport or Astana International Airport, both of which have flights from Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia. Kazakhstan has an expanding rail network and long-distance buses, but vast distances can make domestic flights the most efficient option for travel between regions. Car rentals are common for exploring national parks and remote areas, though roads vary in quality.

Almaty Region and Southeast Kazakhstan

A mountainous and culturally rich area, known for skiing, hiking, and Soviet legacy architecture.

  • Almaty: Former capital and largest city, known for Panfilov Park, Zenkov Cathedral, and mountain views.
  • Shymbulak: A modern ski resort in the Ile-Alatau National Park, accessible from Almaty by cable car.
  • Charyn Canyon: A deep, colorful canyon often compared to the Grand Canyon, popular for day hikes.
  • Tamgaly: A UNESCO site with petroglyphs dating back to the Bronze Age, found in a rocky gorge.
  • Kapchagay Reservoir: A summer escape from the city, with beaches, casinos, and lakeside resorts.

Astana and Northern Kazakhstan

A flat, windswept region dominated by the modern capital and steppe landscapes.

  • Astana: The capital, known for futuristic architecture like Bayterek Tower and the Palace of Peace and Reconciliation.
  • Burabay National Park: A scenic area of pine forests, rock formations, and lakes, often called the “Kazakh Switzerland.”
  • Kokshetau: A regional hub near Burabay, with lakes, spas, and nature trails.
  • Akkol: A quiet steppe town with access to fishing and countryside drives.
  • Ekibastuz: An industrial city with coal mining history and massive open-pit mines.

Western Kazakhstan and the Caspian Basin

A dry and sparsely populated region with oil towns, deserts, and ancient trade routes.

  • Aktau: A Caspian port city known for its beaches, Soviet-era monuments, and access to Mangystau’s deserts.
  • Mangystau Region: A geological wonderland with underground mosques, rock formations, and remote desert landscapes.
  • Zhanaozen: An oil city in the heart of Kazakhstan’s energy-producing region.
  • Beyneu: A key transport hub in the Ustyurt Plateau, with rugged roads toward Uzbekistan.
  • Fort Shevchenko: A former military post on the Caspian, now a regional museum town.

Southern Kazakhstan

A historical region with Silk Road cities, Islamic monuments, and desert plains.

  • Shymkent: A lively southern city with bazaars, Soviet architecture, and a growing food scene.
  • Turkistan: A major pilgrimage site, home to the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, a UNESCO-listed complex.
  • Taraz: One of Kazakhstan’s oldest cities, with ancient mausoleums and archaeological museums.
  • Sayram: A village with early Islamic architecture, and ties to the poet Khoja Ahmed Yasawi.
  • Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve: The country’s oldest nature reserve, with wildflowers, ibex, and birdlife.

Eastern Kazakhstan

A remote, mountainous region with lakes, forests, and traces of the Soviet nuclear era.

  • Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk): A regional center known for its mining heritage and riverside promenades.
  • Semey (Semipalatinsk): A city linked to the Soviet nuclear testing program, and home to a museum on test site history.
  • Lake Zaysan: A vast inland lake offering fishing, swimming, and birdwatching.
  • Altai Mountains: A rugged range with deep forests, wild rivers, and remote hiking routes.
  • Katon-Karagay National Park: A vast protected area bordering Russia and China, with pristine alpine scenery and rare wildlife.

Where to Go

Start in Almaty, Kazakhstan’s largest and most cosmopolitan city. Framed by the snowcapped Zailiyskiy Alatau mountains, the city blends leafy boulevards, outdoor cafes, and Soviet-era architecture with a growing arts and food scene. Visit Kok Tobe hill for sweeping views, check out the colorful Zenkov Cathedral, and stroll Panfilov Park. From Almaty, you can easily access the stunning Big Almaty Lake and Charyn Canyon, often compared to the Grand Canyon on a smaller scale.

To the east, Shymbulak Ski Resort is a short ride from the city and offers skiing in winter and hiking in summer. Just outside Almaty lies Tamgaly, a UNESCO World Heritage site with thousands of Bronze Age petroglyphs carved into stone.

Astana (still commonly called Nur-Sultan), the capital, offers a completely different vibe. Purpose-built in the early 21st century, it’s a futuristic city full of bold architecture. Check out the Bayterek Tower, the Khan Shatyr shopping center shaped like a giant tent, and the Hazret Sultan Mosque, one of the largest in Central Asia. It’s a surreal mix of steel, glass, and grand ambition, planted in the middle of the steppe.

For Silk Road history, head to Turkistan, home to the Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, a UNESCO World Heritage site and major pilgrimage spot in the Islamic world. The city is one of Kazakhstan’s oldest settlements and has seen renewed investment and development in recent years.

In the far west, Mangystau is remote, wild, and like nowhere else. The Boszhira Valley looks like a Martian landscape, with towering white cliffs and deep canyons. It’s not easy to reach, but it’s one of the most photogenic parts of the country.

Highlights

  • Almaty – A lively city with mountain views, Soviet history, and easy access to outdoor adventures.
  • Astana – The bold, futuristic capital full of unique architecture and political significance.
  • Charyn Canyon – A dramatic red rock canyon that’s perfect for hiking and photography.
  • Turkistan – A historic Silk Road town with Central Asia’s most important Sufi mausoleum.
  • Mangystau – A remote desert region with surreal landscapes and otherworldly rock formations.

Top Cities & Towns

  • Almaty – Kazakhstan’s cultural capital, full of parks, museums, and day trips to the mountains.
  • Astana – The official capital, known for its cutting-edge buildings and wide open spaces.
  • Shymkent – A southern city with a more relaxed vibe and a gateway to Turkistan and Central Asian history.
  • Aktau – A port city on the Caspian Sea, serving as a jumping-off point to the Mangystau desert.
  • Karaganda – A former Soviet mining center, rich in WWII history and home to the Karlag gulag museum.

Nature & Outdoor Adventure

  • Charyn Canyon – Hike through red rock cliffs and explore the Valley of Castles.
  • Big Almaty Lake – A high-altitude alpine lake with turquoise waters and scenic trails.
  • Altai Mountains – In the remote east, this region offers untouched wilderness and diverse ecosystems.
  • Boszhira Valley – Remote and otherworldly, a favorite for drone shots and serious off-road explorers.
  • Kolsai Lakes – A trio of stunning alpine lakes connected by hiking trails through pine forests.

Historical & Cultural Sites

  • Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi – A major Islamic pilgrimage site and one of Kazakhstan’s most important historical landmarks.
  • Tamgaly Petroglyphs – A UNESCO World Heritage site with thousands of ancient rock carvings.
  • Bayterek Tower – Symbol of modern Kazakhstan, with panoramic views of Astana.
  • Khan Shatyr – A massive, tent-shaped complex with shops, cafes, and an indoor beach.
  • Karlag Museum – A sobering museum in Karaganda documenting life in one of the Soviet Union’s largest gulag systems.

Unique Experiences

  • Ride the cable car to Shymbulak – Enjoy epic mountain views or ski right outside Almaty.
  • Explore Charyn Canyon by foot – Wander through the Valley of Castles and see nature at its rawest.
  • Visit a yurt camp in the steppe – Experience nomadic traditions and Kazakh hospitality.
  • Photograph the Boszhira cliffs – Capture surreal, white-rock desert scenes few travelers ever reach.
  • Wander the futuristic core of Astana – See what happens when a government builds a city from scratch.

When to Go

Kazakhstan has a continental climate, with hot, dry summers (June–August) and long, cold winters (November–March). The north and steppe regions experience extreme cold, while southern cities like Almaty are milder in winter and very hot in summer. Spring and autumn are short but pleasant, making them excellent for travel. The best time to visit is May to June and September to early October, when temperatures are moderate and landscapes are at their best.

High Season: June–August
Shoulder Season: April–May, September–October
Low Season: November–March

High Season: From June to August, Kazakhstan sees its warmest weather, with temperatures regularly climbing above 30°C (86°F), especially in southern and central regions. It’s the best time to hike in the Tian Shan mountains near Almaty, explore lakes like Kaindy and Issyk, or visit national parks like Altyn-Emel. This is also when cities like Almaty and Astana (Nur-Sultan) host festivals and outdoor events. The downside? It can get uncomfortably hot in the steppe regions, and popular mountain areas can feel crowded by local holidaymakers.

Shoulder Season: April–May and September–October are the sweet spots. Spring brings green grass to the steppe and comfortable temperatures in the cities, perfect for exploring historical sites like Turkestan or the Silk Road-era ruins. Fall offers crisp air, golden foliage in the mountains, and quieter trails. Both seasons are great for road trips across the country’s vast open spaces without the extreme heat or winter cold. Accommodation is cheaper, and crowds are thinner almost everywhere.

Low Season: From November to March, much of Kazakhstan freezes over. Temperatures in the north regularly drop below –20°C (–4°F), and even Almaty can get buried in snow. But if you’re into winter sports, this is the best time, ski resorts like Shymbulak near Almaty are in full swing. The cities slow down and get quiet, but cultural sights, museums, and restaurants are still open. It’s not ideal for hiking or cross-country travel, but it’s the cheapest and least crowded time to visit, especially if you’re sticking to urban areas.

Kazakhstan Month by Month

January: Freezing, snowy, low season. -5 to 25°F (-21 to -4°C) in the north; slightly milder in the south. Good for skiing in Shymbulak and winter city exploration.

February: Bitter cold, winter continues. -2 to 28°F (-19 to -2°C). Still deep winter across the country; best for winter sports.

March: Cold, early spring. 20-45°F (-6 to 7°C). Snow begins to melt; Nauryz celebrations start.

April: Mild, warming up. 35-60°F (2 to 16°C). Ideal for city sightseeing and blooming steppe landscapes.

May: Warm, dry, peak spring. 50-75°F (10 to 24°C). Best for hiking, mountain trips, and cultural festivals.

June: Hot, sunny, start of summer. 65-85°F (18 to 29°C). Good for the steppe and canyon trips before peak heat.

July: Very hot, peak season. 70-95°F (21 to 35°C). Almaty and the south are scorching; head to the mountains.

August: Hot, dry, occasional storms. 68-92°F (20 to 33°C). High season for nature trips, but heat can be intense.

September: Warm, fewer crowds. 55-80°F (13 to 27°C). Excellent for hiking and exploring historical towns.

October: Mild, autumn begins. 40-65°F (4 to 18°C). Beautiful fall colors in the Tian Shan foothills.

November: Cold, windy, snow begins. 25-45°F (-4 to 7°C). A transition into winter; quieter cities.

December: Freezing, festive, snowy. 10-30°F (-12 to -1°C). Winter markets and skiing season start.

Festivals & Events

Nauryz Meyrami: (March 21) – The spring New Year celebration with music, food, and traditional games.

Victory Day: (May 9) – Military parades and commemorations of WWII veterans.

Astana Day: (July 6) – Celebrations marking the capital’s founding, with concerts and fireworks.

Almaty Apple Festival: (September) – Celebrating Almaty’s famous apples with food and music.

Eurasia International Film Festival: (October) – A major cultural event hosted in Astana or Almaty.

Constitution Day: (August 30) – National holiday with parades and official events.

New Year’s Eve: (December 31) – Fireworks and festivities in major cities like Astana and Almaty.

Things to Do

In the capital, Astana (formerly Nur-Sultan), visitors can marvel at bold modern architecture like the Bayterek Tower, the tent-shaped Khan Shatyr entertainment center, and the gleaming Palace of Peace and Reconciliation. The city’s futuristic skyline and carefully planned avenues reflect Kazakhstan’s ambitions as a rising regional power, while its museums and mosques showcase the country’s cultural identity.

In the south, Almaty, Kazakhstan’s largest and most cosmopolitan city, sits against the backdrop of the snow-capped Tian Shan Mountains. Here, visitors can enjoy wide boulevards, leafy parks, and bustling bazaars, or head just outside the city to explore Big Almaty Lake or take the cable car up to Shymbulak ski resort. For nature lovers, Kazakhstan’s landscapes are vast and varied: the alien rock formations of the Boszhira Valley, the towering cliffs of Charyn Canyon, and the desert-meets-mountains scenery of Altyn-Emel National Park all showcase the country’s dramatic terrain. The ancient Silk Road city of Turkistan is home to the grand Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, a UNESCO World Heritage site and a spiritual center for Central Asia.

  • Scuba Diving: Kazakhstan has no ocean coastline, but you can dive in Lake Kaindy and the Caspian Sea coast (via Aktau). Visibility is limited, and it’s more novelty than destination diving.
  • Motorcycle Touring: Long, open highways through endless steppe and rugged mountain passes make Kazakhstan ideal for motorcycle touring. The route from Almaty to Charyn Canyon and Lake Issyk is a standout.
  • Nightlife & Partying: Almaty has a solid nightlife scene, craft bars, rooftop lounges, and EDM clubs. Astana (Nur-Sultan) is more subdued but catching up. Beyond the cities, things are quiet.
  • Rock Climbing: The Tian Shan mountains near Almaty offer granite faces, ice climbing, and bouldering. The Tuyuk-Su glacier zone and Butakovka Gorge are top spots.
  • Bicycle Touring: The Almaty region, with its mix of valleys and alpine passes, is good for cycling. Long-distance routes across the Kazakh steppe are possible but tough due to distances and lack of services.
  • Golfing: Golf exists here, but barely. Nurtau Golf Club near Almaty is the only notable course. It’s fine, but golf isn’t a national pastime.
  • Shopping: Urban shopping in Almaty and Astana includes international malls, Soviet-era bazaars, and markets for local crafts, yurts, felt goods, and horsehair jewelry.
  • Trekking: Kazakhstan’s mountains are remote, wild, and spectacular. The Altyn-Emel and Ile-Alatau parks offer rugged multi-day hikes, with glaciers, alpine lakes, and red rock formations.
  • Mountain Biking: The ridges around Almaty, including Big Almaty Lake and Shymbulak, have epic downhill and XC routes, many used by locals training for endurance competitions.
  • White Water Rafting: There’s rafting on the Chilik and Ili rivers in the southeast, but water levels are unpredictable and seasons short. Not a global rafting hotspot, but doable.
  • Wind Surfing: The Caspian Sea coast has limited windsurfing near Aktau, but infrastructure is minimal. Lake Balkhash has potential but isn’t widely developed for the sport.

Cultural Experiences

Kazakhstan’s culture blends Turkic traditions, Soviet legacies, and modern nationalism. It’s a country that’s still shaping its identity, and that makes it fascinating.

  • Walking the Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi in Turkistan: A stunning 14th-century blue-tiled mausoleum that draws pilgrims and travelers alike. It’s Kazakhstan’s most important Islamic site.
  • Exploring the Petroglyphs at Tamgaly: These Bronze Age rock carvings are scattered across a canyon near Almaty, showing animals, sun gods, and early nomadic life. A UNESCO site worth the detour.
  • Visiting the State Museum of National History in Astana: Packed with everything from Scythian gold to interactive exhibits on Soviet industrialization. Helps connect the dots on Kazakhstan’s evolving national story.
  • Staying in a Yurt in the Steppe: Live like a nomad, sleep under felt, drink kumis (fermented mare’s milk), and watch the Milky Way stretch over the empty grasslands.
  • Exploring the Baikonur Cosmodrome (if you can get access): It’s the world’s oldest spaceport, and where Yuri Gagarin blasted off. Still in use today, though visiting requires advanced permits.

Natural Experiences

Kazakhstan’s wild spaces are its greatest treasure, massive, underdeveloped, and mostly empty.

  • Trekking to Lake Kaindy: This eerie alpine lake near Almaty is famous for its submerged forest, trees that still rise ghostlike above the water after a 1911 earthquake.
  • Exploring Charyn Canyon: Often called a mini-Grand Canyon, this deep red gorge is just a few hours from Almaty. There are hiking trails, campgrounds, and wild wind-sculpted formations.
  • Visiting Altyn-Emel National Park: Home to the singing sand dunes, wild horses, and colorful hills. It feels like another planet, remote, quiet, and surreal.
  • Climbing Big Almaty Peak: This day-hike starts near the observatory above Big Almaty Lake. Expect views of the Tian Shan, glacial air, and the occasional ibex.
  • Exploring the Mangystau Desert: Strange rock formations, underground mosques, and landscapes that look straight out of a science fiction movie. Come prepared, services are almost nonexistent.

Urban Experiences

Kazakhstan’s cities are strange and interesting mixes of Soviet bones and modern ambition.

  • Exploring Almaty’s Green Bazaar: A chaotic, colorful spot for spices, dried fruit, horse sausage, and strong opinions. One of the best places to feel local life.
  • Walking the streets of Astana (Nur-Sultan): It’s like stepping into the future, or a desert-themed architectural experiment. Expect gold domes, glass pyramids, and spaceship-shaped towers.
  • Riding the Almaty Metro: Compact, spotlessly clean, and built deep into the earth. The stations are decorated with murals and national symbols.
  • Seeing Kok-Tobe Hill by cable car: For great views over Almaty, head up Kok-Tobe. There’s a Beatles statue, a mini amusement park, and a good sunset vantage point.
  • Visiting the Central State Museum in Almaty: Covers everything from ancient nomads to Soviet resistance. Worth it for the steppe maps and traditional costume displays alone.

Unique Experiences

Kazakhstan excels in the surreal and unusual. Much of its appeal lies in the things you won’t see anywhere else.

  • Touring the Soviet-Era Aral Sea “Ghost Fleet” in Aralsk: Once a busy port town, Aralsk is now landlocked after the Aral Sea’s retreat. Rusting ships lie on dry sand, an ecological warning in metal.
  • Watching an Eagle Hunting Demonstration in the Altai: Kazakh eagle hunters train golden eagles to catch foxes and hares, part tradition, part spectacle, still actively practiced in remote communities.
  • Camping under the stars in the steppe: Few countries offer night skies like this. Pack a tent and disappear into the grasslands. You might not see another soul for days.
  • Crossing the Singing Dune barefoot: At Altyn-Emel, the dune “sings” when you slide down it, due to the friction of fine, dry grains. It’s weird and unforgettable.
  • Exploring the City of Baikonur (with permission): If you can wrangle the paperwork, the town of Baikonur, leased to Russia, is a preserved Soviet space-age time capsule.

Weird and Wonderful

Kazakhstan is full of strange landscapes, post-Soviet oddities, and unexplained mysteries.

  • The Dzungarian Gate Wind Corridor: A natural wind tunnel between mountain ranges that funnels powerful gusts, used as a Silk Road pass for millennia.
  • The “UFO Houses” of Almaty suburbs: Once intended as futuristic homes, these now-abandoned concrete domes look like Cold War-era alien landing pads.
  • The Singing Barkhan Dune: A natural musical instrument made of sand. Slide down it and hear it hum.
  • The Boszhira Cliffs in Mangystau: Jagged white cliffs that rise like dragon spines from the desert floor. Unreal and largely undiscovered.

Getting There

Getting in and out of the country usually involves going through Almaty. The national carrier, Air Astana, also connects the new capital to cities throughout Russia and Europe as well as to Delhi, Beijing and Bangkok, among other destinations. Kazakhstan also has a number of overland road and rail links to neighboring China and Russia. Given the size of the country, internal flights make a convenient alternative to train and bus journeys which can mean hours, if not days, of travel across a very barren landscape.

The main gateway is Almaty, the country’s cultural and business hub, and Astana (formerly Nur-Sultan), the capital. Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, offering overland access by train or car. There are no international ferry services, but domestic shipping exists on the Caspian Sea.

For most travelers, flying into Almaty or Astana is the fastest and most convenient option. Overland travel from neighboring countries is possible but time-consuming due to long distances and border procedures.

Entry Requirements for Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan offers visa-free entry for short stays up to 30 days for tourism, business, or family visits to citizens of several countries, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.

General Requirements for Visa-Exempt Travelers:

  • Passport Validity: Your passport should be valid for at least three months beyond your intended date of departure from Kazakhstan.
  • Blank Passport Pages: Ensure your passport has at least one blank page for entry and exit stamps.

Health and Vaccination Requirements:

There are no specific vaccination requirements for entry into Kazakhstan. However, travelers should ensure they are up to date with routine immunizations.

Customs Regulations:

  • Currency Restrictions: Travelers entering or leaving Kazakhstan with amounts exceeding $10,000 must declare it to customs authorities.

Additional Tips:

  • Travel Insurance: It’s recommended to have travel insurance covering medical expenses and unforeseen changes.

  • Stay Informed: Entry requirements may change, so check the latest information from official sources or contact the nearest Kazakh embassy or consulate before departure.

By Air

Kazakhstan’s two main international airports are in Almaty and Astana, with additional options in regional hubs like Shymkent, Aktau, and Atyrau. These airports handle flights from Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.

  • Almaty International Airport (ALA) – Almaty (Busiest airport, hub for Central Asia)
  • Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport (NQZ) – Astana (Serves the capital)
  • Shymkent International Airport (CIT) – Shymkent
  • Atyrau Airport (GUW) – Atyrau
  • Aktau Airport (SCO) – Aktau

Direct international routes include:

  • Istanbul (IST) → Almaty (ALA) (Turkish Airlines, Air Astana)
  • Dubai (DXB) → Astana (NQZ) (FlyDubai, Air Astana)
  • Frankfurt (FRA) → Almaty (ALA) (Lufthansa, Air Astana)
  • Moscow (SVO) → Astana (NQZ) (Aeroflot, SCAT Airlines)
  • Beijing (PEK) → Almaty (ALA) (Air China)

By Train

Kazakhstan’s train network is extensive but slow due to the country’s size. International routes operate to Russia, China, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan, with long travel times.

  • Moscow (Russia) → Astana (Kazakhstan) (Train, 48+ hours)
  • Urumqi (China) → Almaty (Kazakhstan) (Train, 24+ hours)
  • Tashkent (Uzbekistan) → Shymkent (Kazakhstan) (Train, 16 hours)
  • Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) → Almaty (Kazakhstan) (Train, 12 hours)

While trains are reliable and affordable, they’re best for travelers with flexible schedules or those looking for a Soviet-style overland experience.

By Bus

Bus routes from neighboring countries are available, mostly connecting border towns to major Kazakh cities. These are cheap but not always comfortable.

  • Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) → Almaty (Kazakhstan) (Bus, 4-5 hours)
  • Tashkent (Uzbekistan) → Shymkent (Kazakhstan) (Bus, 6-8 hours)
  • Omsk (Russia) → Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) (Bus, 6-7 hours)
  • Urumqi (China) → Almaty (Kazakhstan) (Minibus, 12-14 hours)

Services can be irregular, especially in winter or during border delays.

By Car

Kazakhstan is reachable by car from all neighboring countries. Roads range from newly built highways near cities to rough stretches in remote areas. Border crossings are generally open to foreign vehicles, though paperwork and delays are common.

  • Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) → Almaty (Kazakhstan) (Car, 4 hours)
  • Tashkent (Uzbekistan) → Shymkent (Kazakhstan) (Car, 5 hours)
  • Barnaul (Russia) → Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) (Car, 7 hours)
  • Horgos (China) → Almaty (Kazakhstan) (Car, 4 hours)

You’ll need an International Driving Permit, insurance, and vehicle documents.

To & From Russia

Kazakhstan shares a long border with Russia, with numerous crossings and transport links.

  • Moscow → Astana (Train, 48+ hours; Car, 40 hours)
  • Omsk → Pavlodar (Bus, 6-7 hours; Car, 5 hours)

Train travel is common and relatively efficient, though distances are long.

To & From China

Crossings between China and Kazakhstan are mainly through Khorgos or Dostyk.

  • Urumqi → Almaty (Train, 24 hours; Minibus, 12 hours)
  • Horgos → Almaty (Car, 4 hours)

Expect thorough border checks and delays. Crossing by car is possible but takes planning.

To & From Kyrgyzstan

One of the most popular land routes. Crossing at Kordai is straightforward.

  • Bishkek → Almaty (Bus, 5 hours; Car, 4 hours)

It’s a well-traveled route with frequent minibuses.

To & From Uzbekistan

Several crossing points exist, with routes connecting Tashkent, Samarkand, and Nukus to Shymkent and Aktau.

  • Tashkent → Shymkent (Bus, 6-8 hours; Train, 16 hours)

The Tashkent-Shymkent route is the most developed and regularly used.

To & From Turkmenistan

Crossing is possible but not commonly used due to stricter border controls.

  • Turkmenabat → Beyneu or Atyrau (Car, 10+ hours)

Few public transport options exist; most travelers go via Uzbekistan.

Getting Around

Kazakhstan is vast, really vast. It’s the ninth-largest country in the world by area, so getting around requires a bit of planning. Trains and buses are common for intercity travel, but due to the sheer distances, domestic flights are often the most practical option. Car rentals work well for regional road trips, while ride-sharing and public transport make city travel manageable in places like Almaty, Astana (Nur-Sultan), and Shymkent.

Train

Kazakhstan’s rail network is one of the best ways to travel long distances if you have time. Operated by Kazakhstan Temir Zholy (KTZ), the system includes slow overnight trains, modern Talgo trains, and sleeper carriages.

  • Almaty to Astana (12–15 hours by overnight, 9 hours by Talgo): This route links the country’s former and current capitals.
  • Astana to Karaganda (3 hours): A quick trip between the capital and a historically industrial city.
  • Almaty to Shymkent (11 hours): A common route for travelers heading south toward Uzbekistan.

Trains are comfortable and affordable, and overnight journeys save money on accommodation. Book in advance for popular routes, especially Talgo trains.

Bus

Buses in Kazakhstan serve both short and long-distance routes, though they can be slower and less comfortable than trains. Local bus stations, called avtovokzals, are where most intercity buses depart.

  • Almaty to Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan, 5–6 hours): An international route that crosses the border.
  • Astana to Pavlodar (8 hours): A ride to the northeast, near the Russian border.
  • Shymkent to Turkistan (3 hours): A route to one of the most historically important cities in southern Kazakhstan.

Buses are cheap and frequent, but be prepared for delays and limited facilities, especially on longer routes.

Car Rental

Driving in Kazakhstan makes sense if you’re planning to explore remote natural parks, steppe landscapes, or mountain regions around Almaty. The roads range from excellent highways to unpaved rural tracks.

  • Renting in Almaty gives access to Charyn Canyon, Altyn-Emel National Park, and Lake Kaindy.
  • Self-driving the steppe from Astana toward Korgalzhyn Nature Reserve offers unique wildlife and landscapes.

Road signage is decent on highways, but GPS or offline maps are essential for rural routes. Fuel is cheap, and roads are generally empty outside major cities.

Ride Share

Yandex Go and InDriver are widely used in Kazakh cities and are often cheaper than traditional taxis.

  • Yandex Go is available in Almaty, Astana, Shymkent, and other large cities.
  • InDriver allows you to propose a fare, which the driver can accept or counter.

These apps are the best way to avoid haggling, especially if you don’t speak Russian or Kazakh.

Ferries

Kazakhstan borders the Caspian Sea, but ferry services are limited and primarily cargo-focused. That said, some adventurous travelers do cross the Caspian via freight ferries.

  • Aktau to Baku (Azerbaijan, ~30 hours): A slow, irregular freight ferry that sometimes takes passengers.

Don’t count on ferries for domestic travel, they’re not used within Kazakhstan itself.

Air

Given the size of Kazakhstan, flying is often the most practical way to cover long distances. Air Astana, SCAT Airlines, and Qazaq Air operate domestic routes linking major cities.

  • Almaty to Astana (1.5 hours): The most frequent domestic flight in the country.
  • Astana to Atyrau (2.5 hours): A flight to the Caspian oil hub in western Kazakhstan.
  • Almaty to Aktau (3 hours): A useful route if you’re heading to the Caspian Sea or planning to cross to Azerbaijan.

Flights are generally affordable if booked ahead. Airports are modern and efficient in major cities.

Taxis

Taxis are common, but not all are metered. In many places, drivers expect you to negotiate the fare upfront, unless you use an app.

  • Taxis in Almaty are plentiful and can be hailed on the street, but apps are safer.
  • In smaller towns, shared taxis may operate like minibuses, leaving when full and heading to a specific destination.

Stick to ride-hailing apps if possible; it removes language and pricing confusion.

Public Transport in Cities

Public transport in cities is generally reliable and cheap. Buses, trolleybuses, and minibuses (marshrutkas) are the main modes, especially in Almaty and Astana.

  • Almaty Metro: Clean and efficient, but limited to one line.
  • City buses cover most neighborhoods, though routes can be confusing without apps like 2GIS or Yandex Maps.
  • Marshrutkas are fast but crowded; they stop on demand and run fixed routes.

Fares are low, but you’ll need cash or local transit cards for most rides.

Where to Stay

Most travelers to Kazakhstan will likely be interested in staying in budget hostels, mid-range hotels, and guesthouses, with prices typically ranging from KZT 3,000–15,000 ($7–$33) per night for dorm beds or simple private rooms. In major cities like Almaty, Astana (Nur-Sultan), and Shymkent, you’ll find a wide variety of accommodations with decent infrastructure, proximity to landmarks, and access to public transport. Mid-range hotels cost between KZT 15,000–40,000 ($33–$90) per night and often include modern amenities such as Wi-Fi, private bathrooms, and breakfast.

Luxury travelers will also find high-end hotels and resorts in the cities and in some nature areas like the Almaty mountains or Burabay. These properties offer full-service experiences, spa treatments, mountain views, indoor pools, with prices starting around KZT 40,000 ($90) and going well over KZT 100,000 ($225) per night for the most exclusive stays.

Budget Travelers: Dormitory beds and basic rooms in budget hotels or guesthouses typically cost between KZT 3,000–10,000 ($7–$22). In places like Almaty or Astana, hostels are widely available and often offer central locations, communal kitchens, and social lounges. In smaller towns or rural areas, guesthouses may be the only option, often with shared bathrooms and basic furnishings but warm hospitality.

Mid-Range: A solid three-star hotel or upgraded guesthouse will cost anywhere from KZT 15,000–40,000 ($33–$90). These are found throughout urban Kazakhstan and usually offer private bathrooms, strong Wi-Fi, and breakfast included. In places like Almaty, you’ll find charming boutique hotels tucked into residential districts or near parks and bazaars.

Upscale: Luxury hotels start around KZT 40,000 ($90) and can exceed KZT 100,000 ($225) per night in top-tier properties. In Almaty and Astana, you’ll find international chains like Ritz-Carlton, InterContinental, and St. Regis offering high-end services, rooftop bars, spa facilities, and expansive views. Smaller resorts and boutique retreats are also cropping up in natural areas.

Hotels

Hotels are abundant in Kazakhstan’s major cities, with options ranging from basic roadside inns to five-star business hotels. In Almaty and Astana, international chains dominate the luxury category, while Soviet-era hotels still operate alongside newer budget chains like Resident or Renion. Business travelers will find modern business-class hotels in every regional capital, though quality may vary outside the main cities.

Hostels

Hostels are most common in Almaty and Astana and cater largely to domestic and regional travelers. Dorm beds cost KZT 3,000–7,000 ($7–$16), and many offer free tea, shared kitchens, and casual lounges. Some newer hostels in Almaty are stylish and modern, especially around Dostyk Avenue or near the Green Bazaar. In other cities, hostels may feel more like budget guesthouses.

Backpacker

Kazakhstan isn’t overrun with backpackers, but those who come find it affordable and welcoming. Dorm beds or budget guesthouses rarely exceed KZT 10,000 ($22). Backpackers often base themselves in Almaty to explore the Tian Shan mountains, or in Shymkent to head toward Turkistan. Marshrutkas and trains connect major destinations, and many hostels help organize day trips to Charyn Canyon, Big Almaty Lake, or hiking trails.

Flashpacker

For KZT 15,000–40,000 ($33–$90), flashpackers can find well-decorated boutique hotels, serviced apartments, or newly built guesthouses. These are typically well-located near museums, parks, and metro stations. Almaty’s older Soviet buildings now house some stylishly converted boutique stays. Astana offers clean, modern business hotels with good restaurants and reliable service.

Homestays

Outside of major cities, homestays become the go-to option. Families host guests in villages near Altyn-Emel, Kolsai Lakes, or the Kazakh Altai. Rates are usually KZT 5,000–12,000 ($11–$27), often including two meals. Though modest, the experience can be memorable, expect shared bathrooms, homemade food, and insight into Kazakh traditions. Booking is often arranged on arrival or through local guides.

Camping

Camping is possible in Kazakhstan’s vast open spaces, and it’s often free if you’re self-sufficient. There are few formal campsites, but in areas like the Charyn Canyon or near Kolsai and Kaindy Lakes, you’ll find established spots with basic fire pits or outhouses. In national parks, you may need to check with rangers. Organized eco-camps and yurts are emerging in tourist areas, typically priced from KZT 10,000–25,000 ($22–$55) per night.

Unique Stays

Kazakhstan has a growing number of unique stays, from yurt camps near lakes to design-focused boutique hotels in former Soviet blocks. Yurt stays are common in summer near Song-Kul (on the Kyrgyz side) or occasionally in Altyn-Emel or the Mangystau desert. Expect basic comforts: beds, felt rugs, shared meals. In Almaty, you’ll find some retro-chic hotels built inside 1970s structures, while Astana’s high-rises offer ultra-modern penthouses and glass-walled suites. Prices range from KZT 8,000 ($18) for rural yurts to KZT 80,000+ ($180) for high-end design hotels or spa retreats.

Health & Safety

Kazakhstan is generally a safe and stable country for travelers, with low levels of violent crime and a welcoming attitude toward foreigners. Petty crime, such as pickpocketing or bag snatching, can occur in busy areas of Almaty, Astana (Nur-Sultan), and on public transportation, but it’s not widespread. Basic precautions, like keeping valuables secure and avoiding poorly lit areas at night, are usually sufficient to avoid problems.

Kazakh towns are relatively safe, but travelers should be a little more careful when going on long trekking expeditions, particularly when doing so without a guide as bandits are not unheard of. The altitude, which in many parts of the country climbs to over 4,000 metres, is also a concern. Climbers should always be wary of symptoms of altitude sickness. Kazakh towns usually have a number of well-stocked pharmacies and the standard of healthcare is reasonable. The police in Kazakhstan are very corrupt and can therefore present problems to the uninitiated.

Health risks are moderate, especially outside major cities. Tap water is not considered safe to drink in many parts of the country, particularly in rural areas, so bottled water is recommended. Food hygiene is good in urban restaurants, but caution is advised when eating at roadside stops or street vendors. Kazakhstan’s healthcare system is adequate in major cities, with modern facilities and English-speaking doctors in private clinics. Rural areas have limited access to medical care. Travel insurance with coverage for medical evacuation is strongly recommended.

Scams & Petty Crime: Petty theft is uncommon but can happen in crowded areas like markets, buses, or train stations. Occasional scams involving unofficial taxis or currency exchanges exist. Travelers should use metered taxis, ride apps, and licensed exchange offices to avoid overcharging or fraud.

Political Unrest: Kazakhstan is largely politically stable, though protests occasionally occur, especially in response to economic or social issues. Demonstrations can be quickly dispersed by authorities, and foreign travelers are advised to avoid political gatherings.

Diseases: There are no major endemic diseases, but travelers should take care to avoid foodborne illness, particularly in rural areas. Hepatitis A and typhoid are a risk from contaminated food or water, and vaccinations may be recommended. Tick-borne illnesses can occur in grassy or forested areas in the warmer months, so precautions should be taken if hiking.

Health Facilities: In Almaty and Astana, modern private clinics offer quality care, often with English-speaking staff. Outside of major cities, facilities may lack equipment or supplies. Emergency care in remote areas can be slow to reach. Medical evacuation insurance is advised if planning to travel far from urban centers.

Road Conditions: Road quality varies widely. Major highways between big cities are improving, but rural and mountain roads can be rough, poorly lit, and hazard-prone. Drivers often ignore traffic laws, and accidents are not uncommon. Use caution, avoid night driving, and consider hiring a local driver for remote travel.

Food & Water: Bottled water is strongly recommended throughout Kazakhstan, especially in rural areas. In cities, some hotels and restaurants offer filtered water. Food hygiene is generally good in urban areas, but avoid undercooked meat and unwashed produce. Stick to busy, reputable restaurants and cafes to minimize risk.

Nature’s Fury: Kazakhstan experiences extreme weather. Winters can bring deep snow and subzero temperatures, especially in the north and steppe regions. Summer heat and dust storms are common in the south. Earthquakes are possible in Almaty and surrounding regions, as the area lies near a fault zone. Travelers should be prepared for seasonal extremes and monitor local weather alerts when traveling in the mountains or deserts.

Living There

Kazakhstan offers an increasingly attractive option for digital nomads due to its affordable cost of living, expansive landscapes, and growing infrastructure. The capital city, Nur-Sultan (formerly Astana), has emerged as the center for business and innovation, with modern coworking spaces, a growing tech scene, and a variety of cultural attractions. Beyond the capital, cities like Almaty, Shymkent, and Karaganda offer their own mix of affordable living and access to nature, with vast steppe lands, mountains, and desert landscapes just waiting to be explored.

Kazakhstan is becoming more accessible to remote workers looking for a base in Central Asia. Its affordable rent, good internet connectivity, and low cost of living make it an attractive place for long-term stays. Whether you prefer to work in the modern metropolis of Nur-Sultan, the cultural and economic hub of Almaty, or enjoy the tranquility of smaller towns, Kazakhstan has plenty to offer digital nomads seeking both work and leisure.

  • Nur-Sultan (formerly Astana): The capital city, offering modern amenities, coworking spaces, a growing entrepreneurial scene, and a vibrant social atmosphere.
  • Almaty: The country’s largest city, known for its cultural richness, affordable living, and access to mountain activities.
  • Shymkent: A quieter city with a low cost of living, easy access to nature, and a more relaxed pace.
  • Karaganda: A mid-sized city with affordable rent, good transportation links, and proximity to natural reserves.
  • Aktobe: A smaller city offering affordable accommodation, peaceful living, and proximity to steppe landscapes.

Cost of Living

Kazakhstan offers a very affordable cost of living, especially compared to many European and other Central Asian countries. Cities like Nur-Sultan and Almaty can be a bit more expensive, but they are still relatively cheap by Western standards. Smaller cities like Shymkent and Karaganda are even more affordable.

  • Accommodation: $250–$1,000 per month. In Nur-Sultan, one-bedroom apartments in the city center range from $400–$1,000 per month. In Almaty, Shymkent, and Karaganda, rents start from $250–$600 for similar apartments.
  • Food: $150–$300 per month. Supermarket shopping is affordable, and eating out in local restaurants is inexpensive. Dining in international restaurants in Nur-Sultan and Almaty may be slightly more expensive, but still affordable compared to many Western countries.
  • Transportation: $20–$50 per month. Public transportation in Nur-Sultan and Almaty is affordable and efficient, with buses and taxis available. Renting a car is also an option for exploring more remote areas of the country.
  • Coworking Space: $100–$250 per month. Nur-Sultan and Almaty offer a variety of coworking spaces with prices ranging from $100–$250 depending on location and services.
  • Leisure & Extras: $50–$200 per month. Includes visits to museums, exploring natural parks, and enjoying local cafés or entertainment in cities like Almaty and Nur-Sultan.

Internet and Connectivity

Kazakhstan provides reliable internet in its major cities like Nur-Sultan and Almaty, with fiber-optic broadband available in most urban areas. Internet speeds typically range from 50–100 Mbps in coworking spaces, cafés, and hotels, making it ideal for digital nomads.

Mobile data is affordable and widely available, with 4G and 5G coverage in major cities. Providers like Tele2, Kcell, and Beeline Kazakhstan offer affordable mobile data plans, perfect for mobile hotspots while working from various locations across the country.

Community and Networking

Kazakhstan’s digital nomad community is growing, particularly in Nur-Sultan and Almaty, where there are plenty of coworking spaces, startup hubs, and professional networking events. Nur-Sultan is a political and business center of the country, offering a modern environment for entrepreneurs and remote workers to network and build their careers.

Almaty, with its cultural richness, is also becoming a hotspot for digital nomads, offering a more relaxed vibe with access to nature. Smaller cities like Shymkent and Karaganda provide a slower pace of life, but still have growing expat communities and opportunities for remote workers to meet.

Networking happens primarily through Facebook groups, Meetup, and LinkedIn. Many coworking spaces in Nur-Sultan and Almaty host events, workshops, and networking meetups to help digital nomads connect and collaborate professionally.

Health & Wellness

Kazakhstan offers both public and private healthcare systems. The private healthcare system is often preferred by digital nomads due to shorter wait times and higher quality of service. Expats often opt for private health insurance for more comprehensive coverage.

For wellness, Kazakhstan offers a range of outdoor activities. The Tian Shan Mountains and Alatau Mountains provide opportunities for hiking, skiing, and mountain biking, while Almaty and Nur-Sultan offer fitness centers, yoga studios, and wellness spas. The country’s natural beauty, including steppe lands, lakes, and parks, also offers plenty of space for recreation and relaxation.

Kazakhstan’s many thermal resorts and spas provide an excellent opportunity for unwinding after a long workday or week, with several options in cities like Almaty and Taldykorgan.

Long-Term Stay

Renting in Kazakhstan is incredibly affordable, especially compared to Western countries. While Nur-Sultan and Almaty have higher rents, they are still much cheaper than other European or Asian capitals. Smaller cities like Shymkent and Karaganda offer even cheaper rent options.

  • Condos and Apartments: In Nur-Sultan, one-bedroom apartments in the city center range from $400–$1,000 per month. In Almaty, Shymkent, and Karaganda, rents start from $250–$600 for similar apartments.
  • Serviced Apartments: Fully furnished serviced apartments in Nur-Sultan and Almaty generally range from $600–$1,200 per month.
  • Traditional Houses: Larger homes or houses in suburban or rural locations can be rented for $300–$800 per month.
  • Airbnb: Available throughout Kazakhstan, with long-term rentals starting from $250–$600 per month in Nur-Sultan and $200–$500 in smaller cities.

Visa Options

Kazakhstan offers several visa options for digital nomads and long-term stays.

  • Tourist Visa: Most non-EU nationals can stay in Kazakhstan for up to 30 days without a visa.
  • Temporary Residence Visa: For those wishing to stay longer than 30 days, a temporary residence visa is available for remote workers, freelancers, or business owners.
  • Freelancer Visa (Self-Employment Visa): Digital nomads can apply for a self-employment visa to live and work in Kazakhstan for extended periods.
  • Work Visa: For individuals employed by a local company, a work visa is required.
  • Investor Visa: Kazakhstan offers an investor visa for those looking to invest in the country and establish long-term residency.

History & Culture

Kazakhstan’s culture is shaped by its nomadic heritage, Islamic traditions, and more recent Soviet legacy. Today, it’s a presidential republic with a strong national identity and a growing interest in promoting tourism. While much of the country feels remote, the infrastructure is improving, and travelers can find modern amenities in major cities, along with access to remote wilderness.

Food

Kazakh cuisine is grounded in its nomadic traditions, expect a lot of meat, especially mutton, beef, and horse, often boiled or grilled. Meals are hearty, made to sustain people through life on the steppe. Bread, dairy, and noodles are common, and meals are often accompanied by tea or fermented dairy drinks.

  • Beshbarmak: The national dish, meaning “five fingers”, boiled meat (often horse or mutton) served over flat noodles, eaten by hand.
  • Kazy: A type of horse sausage, seasoned and dried, typically served cold in slices.
  • Shashlik: Grilled meat skewers, marinated and cooked over open flame, usually served with raw onions and flatbread.
  • Baursak: Small, puffy pieces of fried dough, often eaten as a snack or dessert with tea.
  • Kumys: A fermented mare’s milk, slightly alcoholic, with a sour tang, an acquired taste and a traditional nomadic drink.
  • Lagman: A noodle dish with hand-pulled noodles, beef, and stir-fried vegetables in a savory broth, borrowed from Uyghur cuisine.

Language

Kazakhstan has two official languages: Kazakh and Russian. Kazakh, a Turkic language written in Cyrillic (transitioning to Latin script by 2031), is the state language, while Russian remains widely spoken and used in business and education. In major cities, you’ll hear both languages interchangeably. English is growing in popularity among younger people, but it’s still not widely spoken outside urban centers.

Useful Phrases

  • Hello: Сәлем (Salem)
  • Thank you: Рахмет (Rakhmet)
  • Yes / No: Иә / Жоқ (Ia / Zhoq)
  • How much is this?: Бұл қанша тұрады? (Bul kansha turady?)
  • Where is the bathroom?: Дәретхана қайда? (Daretkhana qayda?)
  • Help!: Көмектесіңіз! (Kömektesiñiz!)
  • I don’t understand: Мен түсінбеймін (Men tusinbeymin)

History

Kazakhstan’s history is defined by its nomadic tribes, Silk Road trade, and later its role in the Soviet Union. For centuries, the land was home to Turkic nomads who traveled the steppe with their herds. The area later became part of the Golden Horde, a Mongol successor state. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Kazakhstan was gradually incorporated into the Russian Empire, and later became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union.

During the Soviet period, Kazakhstan underwent massive changes, forced collectivization, the Virgin Lands Campaign, and the construction of Soviet-style cities. It was also the site of nuclear testing at Semipalatinsk and the Baikonur Cosmodrome, the launch site for Soviet space missions. After gaining independence in 1991, Kazakhstan retained strong ties with Russia but developed its own identity, focusing on economic modernization and cultural revival.

Important Dates in Kazakh History

  • 15th Century: Formation of the Kazakh Khanate, marking the emergence of Kazakh national identity.
  • 1731: The Little Horde accepts Russian protection, beginning a slow incorporation into the Russian Empire.
  • 1930s: Stalinist collectivization leads to famine and massive loss of life among nomadic Kazakhs.
  • 1950s: The Virgin Lands Campaign brings Russian settlers and transforms agriculture, changing demographics.
  • 1991: Kazakhstan declares independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
  • 1997: The capital is moved from Almaty to Astana (now Astana, formerly Nur-Sultan).
  • 2022: Nationwide protests lead to political unrest and increased calls for reform.

FAQ & Resources

Embassies and Consulates

For visa applications, consular services, and official information, travelers can contact the following embassies and consulates of Kazakhstan:

Note: For a comprehensive list of Kazakhstan’s diplomatic missions worldwide, visit the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Government Safety Advisories

Blogs and Forums

These platforms provide insights into traveling, living, and working in Kazakhstan:

  • Reddit: r/Kazakhstan – A community for discussions about Kazakhstan, including travel experiences, cultural insights, and current events.
  • TripAdvisor: Kazakhstan Travel Forum – A forum where travelers share their experiences, ask questions, and provide advice about visiting Kazakhstan.

YouTube Channels & Videos

Explore Kazakhstan through these travel vlogs and documentaries:

Instagram Feeds

These Instagram accounts highlight Kazakhstan’s landscapes, culture, and urban life:

  • @visitkazakhstan – An account showcasing the beauty and diversity of Kazakhstan.
  • @kazakhstan.travel – Features stunning photos of Kazakhstan’s cityscapes and cultural heritage.

Newspapers

Stay updated with Kazakhstan’s latest news through these newspapers:

  • The Astana Times – An English-language news source providing national and international news related to Kazakhstan.
  • Kazinform – Offers news coverage on current events, politics, and society in Kazakhstan.

Other Useful Websites

Travel Guides

These websites offer detailed travel guides for Kazakhstan:

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