Shangdu

Shangdu, known historically in Europe as Xanadu, was the Mongol summer capital established by Kublai Khan in the 13th century. The site in present-day Inner Mongolia is a designated archaeological and World Heritage site for its association with the Yuan dynasty.

Today visitors encounter low earthen walls, foundation outlines and the patterned layout of inner and outer city enclosures rather than standing buildings. The site illustrates medieval Mongol urban planning with a palace core and surrounding administrative and service areas.

Founded in the 13th century during Kublai Khan’s consolidation of rule, Shangdu functioned as an imperial residence and seasonal capital until it fell from use in the 14th century as political centres shifted. Early modern European accounts and later archaeological work have made the site important for studies of Mongol and Yuan period history.

The ruins lie in the grassland plains of Inner Mongolia, north of Beijing, and are reachable by road from regional centres; the exposed earthworks are most visible in dry seasons and from aerial vantage points.

• Founding: The site was established by Kublai Khan in the 13th century as a summer capital for the Yuan dynasty and is known in the West by the name Xanadu.
• What to expect: Remains are primarily earthworks and foundations; few above-ground structures survive, so much of the layout is best appreciated from plan views or archaeological reports.

What to See #

• Inner city and palace enclosure: The walled inner city area where the principal palace enclosures were located; archaeological remains include earthen foundations and the layout of major buildings.
• Outer city and suburbs: A larger outer city ring and surrounding pastoral lands that contained administrative quarters, workshops and ancillary settlements supporting the capital.
• Ruins and earthworks: A largely earthen archaeological site with rectilinear earthworks and foundation traces visible on the ground and in aerial imagery rather than surviving stone structures.