Maratha Military Landscapes of India

The Maratha Military Landscapes of India is a serial ensemble of forts, fortified routes, and mountain strongholds across Maharashtra associated with the rise and organisation of the Maratha polity in the 17th to 19th centuries. The property illustrates indigenous military architecture adapted to rugged terrain.

Examples of the ensemble include rocky hilltop fortresses with perimeter ramparts, gates and cisterns, and connecting roads and passes that controlled valleys and coastal approaches. Many sites offer extensive views over the Western Ghats and surrounding plains and are characterised by multi-layered defensive works rather than single monuments.

These places were built, occupied and modified by Maratha leaders from the 17th century onwards for defence, administration and control of territory; they were active in conflicts with neighbouring states and later under colonial pressures in the 18th and 19th centuries. Some forts were adapted or reused in subsequent periods.

The components are dispersed across the state of Maharashtra in western India, principally within the Western Ghats and adjacent upland and coastal zones. They are located in hilly terrain rather than a single urban centre and are reached from regional cities such as Pune and Kolhapur by road.

• Access and safety: Many components are reached by steep, uneven paths and exposed climbs; sensible footwear and moderate fitness are needed for most visits.
• Best time to visit: Best visited during the dry season from October to March when trails are safer and views are clearest.

What to See #

• Raigad fortress: A hill fort that served as a principal stronghold and at times a capital for the Maratha polity; it is associated with Shivaji and several key events of the 17th century. The site occupies a steep rocky outcrop with defensive ramparts and cisterns.
• Pratapgad fort: A fortified mountain site known for a major 17th century engagement between Shivaji and Bijapur forces; the fort includes battlements, approach paths and vantage points over surrounding valleys.