Wadi al-Jarf

Wadi al-Jarf is an archaeological site and ancient harbor complex on Egypt’s Red Sea coast, identified as an Old Kingdom port dating to the reign of Pharaoh Khufu in the Fourth Dynasty (c. 26th century BC). It was excavated in the 21st century and yielded a range of well-preserved finds.

Excavations uncovered harbor installations, storage structures, wooden boats, and papyri including the so-called “Diary of Merer,” which records maritime transport tasks tied to pyramid construction. The scale and nature of the remains make it one of the earliest known artificial harbors associated with state-organized expeditions.

The site was used in antiquity as a naval and shipping base to support quarrying and construction activities on the Nile and Giza plateau, with archaeological work led by a French-Egyptian team beginning in 2011. Finds have substantially expanded understanding of Old Kingdom logistics and Red Sea maritime activity.

Wadi al-Jarf lies on Egypt’s Red Sea coastline in the Eastern Desert, within the modern Red Sea Governorate. It is located on the western shore of the Red Sea gulf, on the stretch of coast between the Suez area and Hurghada.

• Notable finds: Archaeologists recovered inscribed papyri known as the "Diary of Merer," which document logistical work linked to the building of the Great Pyramid at Giza.
• Date and association: The site dates to the Old Kingdom, linking it to Pharaoh Khufu and Egypt's Fourth Dynasty around 2600 BC.