Hyrcanian Forests

The Hyrcanian Forests are a band of ancient temperate broadleaf forests along the southern Caspian Sea margin, extending across parts of Azerbaijan and northern Iran, notable for high biodiversity and many relict species. They were recognised for their outstanding ecological value when inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019.

The forests contain dense stands of broadleaf trees, rich understories and many endemic and relict plant species that have persisted since the Tertiary period. Birdlife and other fauna associated with temperate humid forests are a major draw, and visitors use marked trails and protected areas for nature observation and short hikes.

These forests are natural rather than man-made features; they developed over millions of years and served as a refugium for plant and animal lineages through climatic shifts since the Tertiary. Their extent and composition have been altered locally by human activity, but significant tracts remain under protection.

Located along the Caspian Sea’s southern shore, the Azerbaijani component lies in the country’s southeastern coastal region near Lankaran and Astara, occupying lowland and foothill terrain with a humid, temperate climate.

• UNESCO status: Inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019 for their biological and ecological value as relict temperate broadleaf forests dating back to the Tertiary period.
• Visitor tips: Best visited in spring and autumn when temperatures are milder and plant growth and bird activity are most apparent; trails can be dense and damp, so wear suitable footwear and insect repellent.