Harappa

Harappa is an archaeological site of the Indus Valley Civilization located in Punjab province, Pakistan, and was a major urban centre of the Mature Harappan period around 2600-1900 BCE. It is one of the principal sites that define the Indus urban tradition.

Visitors encounter excavated mounds that mark the former citadel and lower town, exposed brick foundations, drainage features and pottery. An on-site museum presents a selection of seals, ceramics and small finds recovered during excavations, which illustrate craft production and daily life in the ancient city.

The exposed remains demonstrate aspects of planned urban layout, baked-brick construction and standardized craft traditions that distinguish Indus cities from many contemporaneous settlements in South Asia.

Systematic archaeological excavation at Harappa began in the 1920s under the Archaeological Survey of India; key early work was carried out by Daya Ram Sahni as part of surveys and digs that identified the broader Indus civilization. Subsequent excavation and research have clarified the site’s role in a wide network of mature urban centres.

The site lies in Punjab province of Pakistan near the modern village that gives it the same name and sits on the alluvial plains of the Indus river system. It is managed as an archaeological park with visible mounds and a small museum for visitors.

• Seals and weights: The site's material culture includes typical Indus seals and standardized weights, which are on display in the local museum and help illustrate long-distance trade and administration.

What to See #

• Citadel: The raised Citadel mound contains the remains of administrative and public structures from the mature Indus phase and is one of the main visible excavated mounds on site.
• Lower town: The lower town area contains traces of streets, domestic brick foundations and drainage features revealing the city's planned layout; many of these remains are visible as low mounds.
• Harappa Archaeological Museum: The on-site museum displays selected pottery, seals and small finds excavated from the site, helping interpret urban life during the Indus period.