Pataliputra

Pataliputra was an ancient city in the Ganges valley located at the site of modern Patna in Bihar, India, and served as a major political centre from the 5th century BCE. It became the capital for successive major Indian polities, including rulers of the Maurya and Gupta dynasties.

Archaeological excavations at sites such as Kumhrar have revealed fortification lines, wooden and brick structural remains, and material culture that document urban occupation from the Iron Age through the early medieval period. The city played a central administrative and commercial role and was repeatedly enlarged by successive rulers.

Historical sources credit early Magadha kings, including Ajatashatru, with establishing or fortifying the site; later rulers such as Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka expanded and consolidated it during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. The city remained an important centre through the Gupta period before gradual decline in the early medieval era.

Pataliputra is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges at the location of modern Patna in Bihar, with archaeological sites and museums in and around the contemporary city.

• Kumhrar excavations: The Kumhrar archaeological excavations in modern Patna display the remains of fortifications and public buildings from the Pataliputra occupation and house finds in local museums.