Mountain Railways of India

The Mountain Railways of India is a serial inscribed property comprising historic narrow-gauge lines built in the colonial period to connect hill stations with lowland rail networks. The ensemble exemplifies three different technical approaches to mountain railway construction in South Asia.

Each railway presents distinctive engineering: one uses loops and zigzags to gain height, another employs rack-and-pinion on the steepest gradients, and the third relies on long tunnels and viaducts to traverse rugged slopes. The lines also include associated stations, workshops and infrastructure that reflect their operational history.

These railways were constructed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and have been important in opening hill environments for travel and commerce; several retain vintage rolling stock and attract rail heritage tourism. Maintenance and continued operation have preserved many original engineering features.

The component lines are located in different Indian states and mountain ranges, serving hill-stations that were historically important as colonial-era resorts and continue to be significant for regional transport and tourism.

• Technical variety: The group comprises three mountain railway lines that illustrate different technical solutions to steep terrain - loops and zigzags, rack-and-pinion sections, and extensive tunnelling and viaducts.
• Heritage operations: These are historic working railways dating from the late 19th and early 20th centuries; some sections still operate with heritage steam locomotives on scheduled tourist or local services.

What to See #

• Darjeeling Himalayan Railway: A narrow-gauge railway that climbs to Darjeeling using loops, zigzags and tight curves to gain altitude and was built in the late 19th century as a hill service to the foothills of the Himalaya.
• Nilgiri Mountain Railway: A rack-and-pinion mountain line serving the Nilgiri Hills that uses a cog system on its steepest sections and connects lowland plains with a hill-station terminus.
• Kalka-Shimla Railway: A narrow-gauge line linking Kalka and Shimla noted for its long sequence of tunnels, bridges and steep gradients constructed to provide hill-station access during the colonial period.