Great Zimbabwe

Great Zimbabwe is a ruined medieval stone city in southeastern Zimbabwe, constructed in dry-stone masonry and dating from roughly the 11th to the 15th centuries CE. It was the centre of a major African polity and is the largest ancient stone construction in sub-Saharan Africa.

The site comprises a Hill Complex, the massive Great Enclosure with high curving walls, and an extended Valley Complex of domestic and craft remains. The monumental walls, passageways and platforms are the principal visible features and demonstrate sophisticated stone-building techniques.

Great Zimbabwe served as a political and trading centre linking the interior to coastal trade networks on the Indian Ocean; archaeological finds include imported goods and local craft production. The site later declined and was abandoned in the late second millennium.

The ruins are located in Masvingo Province in southeastern Zimbabwe, roughly a short drive from the modern city of Masvingo.

• Construction technique: The stone city was constructed using dry-stone masonry without mortar and dates from roughly the 11th to 15th centuries CE.
• Stone bird totems: Carved soapstone birds and other symbolic stonework found on site are thought to have been royal emblems; several bird sculptures are exhibited in local museums.

What to See #

• Hill Complex: A fortified hilltop settlement with concentric dry-stone walls and passageways, used as an elite residential and ritual centre.
• Great Enclosure: A vast elliptical wall enclosure featuring the iconic high stone walls and the site's best-known stonework, including passageways and towers.
• Valley Complex: Lower-lying stone structures, platforms and foundations interpreted as domestic and craft areas that extend into the surrounding valley.