Bay of Fundy

The Bay of Fundy is an arm of the Gulf of Maine noted for the highest tidal range in the world, averaging about 16 metres due to tidal resonance in its funnel-shaped basin. In a single half-day tidal cycle roughly 100 billion tonnes of water flow in and out, producing dramatic changes in shoreline and powerful currents.

Geologically the bay sits in a rift basin formed during Pangaea’s breakup; repeated basalt flows and sedimentary deposits created striking features such as columnar jointing and extensive fossil-bearing cliffs. Notable sites around the bay include basalt columns on islands and dinosaur and early-reptile fossils at places like Burntcoat Head and Joggins.

The intertidal mudflats, salt marshes and estuaries support large numbers of shorebirds and marine life, and several protected areas ring the bay. Marine mammals, including humpback and fin whales and the endangered North Atlantic right whale, feed in Fundy waters, and authorities have adjusted shipping routes to reduce collision risk.

• Hopewell Rocks: Towering flowerpot sea stacks exposed at low tide vividly show the enormous tidal range and are accessible on foot when the tide is out.
• Minas Basin mudflats: Expansive intertidal flats on the Minas Basin reveal tidal reach of several kilometers and are key feeding grounds for migrating shorebirds.
• Tidal bores: Rivers that drain into the bay, notably the Petitcodiac near Moncton, can produce visible tidal bores and strong upriver tidal flows.
• Whale and marine-wildlife watching: Seasonal concentrations of whales, dolphins and seabirds make coastal lookouts and boat trips productive for wildlife observation.
• Fossil cliffs and basalt columns: Cliffs and shoreline exposures around the bay yield important fossils and igneous formations illustrating the area’s deep geological history.

Regional centres serving different parts of the bay include Saint John to the west, Moncton to the east and Fredericton inland; which town is most convenient depends on which shore or attraction you plan to visit.

There are airports and rail links in the larger regional centres and road networks along the coast; the final stretch to shoreline viewpoints, provincial parks and island ferries is usually by car, regional bus, taxi or boat tour so check local options for connections and schedules.

• Check tide times before visiting any shoreline trail or rock formations and allow plenty of time to return before the tide changes.
• Do not walk out onto expansive mudflats alone or without local guidance; tides rise rapidly and can be hazardous.
• Bring binoculars for bird and whale watching and consider a guided boat trip for the best marine wildlife views.
• Weather can change quickly and the coast is often windy and cool; dress in layers and carry waterproofs.